The vascular specialist chooses sites based on artery  and vein size and prior injections or thrombosis. Common sites are –

1. Wrist
2. Forearm
3. Elbow

1. If the fistula vein has been blocked earlier, or veins are unsuitable, complex vascular procedures like basilic vein bypass or artificial AV graft can be one. They are extensive surgical procedures done in the forearm or arm, generally under a nerve block.
2. If AV Fistula or other complex surgical procedures are both not feasible or possible, Permcath, tunnelled dialysis catheters can be used.
3. Peritoneal dialysis may also be used inplace of hemodialysis

Commons guide for fistula –

1. A thrill is usually felt and a bruit can be heard through a stethoscope over the fistula site.
2. Pain/swelling or mild bruising may occur after the procedure, which usually settles 1-2 weeks later.
3. Avoid BP check or blood samples from that arm.
4. Regular wrist and fist exercises from the 2nd day.
5. The vein will start appearing prominent by 6-8 weeks and can be used for dialysis.Though, in some patients, vein maturation may take more time and further evaluation by Doppler or fistula angiography

After the surgery, watch out for these warning signs and consult the doctor as soon as possible.

1. Bleeding: Bleeding may occur rarely, any time post operation because of fragile veins or infection. This requires urgent attention and may a repeat surgery or fistula or artery ligation.
2. Blockage: Factors like Small-sized veins, low blood pressure, fever, dehydration or pressure at the fistula site can lead to fistula vein clotting and blockage (thrombosis). A repeat surgery or angioplasty may revive the fistula. Balloon angioplasty and the occasional use of stents are critical techniques used to prolong the dialysis fistula’s life. However, these veins may have blockage recurrences and require the repeat procedures to be performed.
3. Massive swelling: Increasing swelling a few days post operation which doesn’t reduce after 2-3 weeks may require Doppler evaluation or angiography to detect large/central vein stenosis or occlusions. This needs treatment by angioplasty.
4. Slow flow OR excess bleeding after the fistula usage are signs of fistula narrowing or fistula vein narrowing. Further evaluation by Doppler or angiography is needed. A repeat surgery or angioplasty may revive the fistula.
5. Localised swelling (aneurysm): Localised pulsatile swelling requires urgent attention by specialist as an infected untreated aneurysm can cause severe bleeding.